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| fundscan.com | Start of the Renaissance | Italian Renaissance | Origins of the Italian Renaissance | Fourteenth-century collapse | Renaissance Development | Spread of the Renaissance | Renaissance music |
Italian Renaissance
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The Italian Renaissance was intertwined with the intellectual
movement known as Renaissance humanism and with the fiercely
independent and combative urban societies of the city-states of
central and northern Italy in the 13th to 16th centuries. Florence,
Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance for several reasons. The first two or three decades of the 15th century saw the emergence of a rare cultural efflorescence, particularly in Florence. This 'Florentine Enlightenment' (Holmes) was a major achievement. It was a classical, classicizing culture which sought to live up to the republican ideals of Athens and Rome. Sculptors used Roman models and classical themes. This society had a new relationship with its classical past. |
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It felt it owned it and revived it. Florentines felt akin to 1st
century BC republican Rome. Rucellai wrote that he belonged to a
great age; Leonardo Bruni's Panegyric to the City of Florence
expresses similar sentiments. There was a genuine appreciation of
the plastic arts—pagan idols and statuary—with nudity and
expressions of human dignity. Painting took huge leaps forward in
development from the works of Giotto through Fra Angelico, Masaccio,
Masolino, Piero della Francesca and many others. A similar parallel movement was also occurring in the arts in the early 15th century in Florence—an avant-garde, classicizing movement. Many of the same people were involved; there was a close community of people involved in both movements. Valla said that, as they revived Latin, so was Latin architecture revived, for example Rucellai's Palazzo built by Leone Battista Alberti. Of Brunelleschi, he felt that he was the greatest architect since Roman times. Sculpture was also revived, in many cases before the other arts. There was a very obvious naturalism about contemporary sculpture, and highly true to life figures were being sculpted. Often biblically-themed sculpture and paintings included recognizable Florentines. Mention should be made of the competition to sculpt bas-relief bronze panels for the baptistery in Florence. The winner of the competition was Ghiberti, whose naturalistically and elegantly expressive work won over Brunelleschi's entry. Brunelleschi went on to give up sculpture and become one of the world's most significant architects, designing the Duomo of Florence. The nascent philosophy of nominalism also played a part, and can be demonstrated by the attention to detail in the observation of nature expressed in many paintings of the time. Classicism was applied both to literature and art. In many city-republics there was a small clique with a camaraderie and rivalry produced by a very small elite. Alberti felt that he had played a major part, as had Brunelleschi, Masaccio.The list of artists who contributed to the flowering of Italian art at this period is long and varied, and must also include Gentile de Fabriano, Fra Angelico, Lorenzo da Monaco, Fra Filippo Lippi, Masolino, Giovanni di Paolo and many more. Alberti admitted he had no explanation of why it happened. The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe from the end of the 14th century to about 1600. Although its origins trace back to the earlier part of the 14th century, many aspects of Italian culture were largely Medieval and the Renaissance did not come into full swing until the end of the century. The word renaissance (rinascimento in Italian) literally means “rebirth”, and the era is best known for the renewed interest in the culture of classical antiquity after the period that Renaissance humanists labeled the Dark Ages. These changes, while significant, were concentrated in the elite, and for the vast majority of the population life was little changed from the Middle Ages. The Italian Renaissance began in Tuscany, centered in the city of Florence and Siena. It then spread south, having an especially significant impact on Rome, which was largely rebuilt by the Renaissance popes. The Italian Renaissance peaked in the late 15th century as foreign invasions plunged the region into turmoil. However, the ideas and ideals of the Renaissance spread into the rest of Europe, setting off the Northern Renaissance and English Renaissance. The Italian Renaissance is best known for the cultural achievements during the period. This includes works of literature by such figures as Petrarch, Castiglione, and Machiavelli, artists such as Michaelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, and great works of architecture such as The Duomo in Florence and St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. At the same time, present-day historians also see the era as one of economic regression and of little progress in science. |
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| fundscan.com | Start of the Renaissance | Italian Renaissance | Origins of the Italian Renaissance | Fourteenth-century collapse | Renaissance Development | Spread of the Renaissance | Renaissance music |